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The Lithuanian press ban ((リトアニア語:spaudos draudimas)) was a ban on all Lithuanian language publications printed in the Latin alphabet within the Russian Empire, which controlled Lithuania at the time. Lithuanian-language publications that used Cyrillic were allowed and even encouraged. The concept arose after the failed January Uprising of 1863, taking the form of an administrative order in 1864, and was not lifted until 24 April 1904. The Russian courts reversed two convictions in press ban cases in 1902 and 1903, and the setbacks of the Russo-Japanese War in early 1904 brought about a loosened Russian policy towards minorities.〔(Lithuanian Resistance ). Spaudos.lt, reprinted from Encyclopedia Lituanica, Boston, 1970-1978. Retrieved on 2009-03-17〕 Under the ban, it was illegal to print, import, distribute, or possess any publications in the Latin alphabet.〔(Lithuania 1863-1893: Tsarist Russification And The Beginnings Of The Modern Lithuanian National Movement ). Lituanus, Fall 1996. Retrieved on 2009-03-17〕 Tsarist authorities hoped that this measure, part of a larger Russification plan, would decrease Polish influence on Lithuanians and would return them to what were considered their ancient historical ties with Russia.〔 However, Lithuanians organized printing outside the Empire, largely in Lithuania Minor (East Prussia), and in the United States. Knygnešiai smuggled illegal books and periodicals across the border. The number of such publications kept increasing despite strict sanctions and persecution of the activists. The ban created a well-defined and organized opposition to Russian rule and culture—the opposite of its original intent. The Lithuanian historian Edvardas Gudavičius has described the ban as a test of the concept of Lithuania: had there been no resistance, the language would have become a historical footnote, and the modern nation would never have been created.〔(The Year 2000: History and Contemporary Experience ). Edvardas Gudavičius. Lithuanian Foreign Policy Review, 1999. Retrieved on 2009-03-17〕 ==Background== The first book published in print in the Lithuanian language was Martynas Mažvydas's 1547 Lutheran Catechism. Other milestone publications included Daniel Klein's ''Grammar'' in 1653, a publication of the Bible in 1735, and the first work of imaginative literature, Kristijonas Donelaitis' ''Metai'' (The Seasons), in 1818. During the years of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which lasted from 1569 to 1781, the Polish language gained ground as the written lingua franca of greater Lithuania, although the Prussian areas of Lithuania Minor continued to issue publications in Lithuanian.〔(Locating Lithuanian in the (Re-) Intellectualisation Debate ). channelviewpublications.net. Gabrielle Hogan-Brun, Meilut Ramoniene, November 2004. Retrieved on 2009-03-17〕 At the beginning of the nineteenth century, use of the Lithuanian language was largely limited to Lithuanian rural areas, apart from its use in Prussia; it was, however, retained by some members of the minor nobility, especially in the Samogitian region. Several factors contributed to its subsequent revival: the language drew attention from scholars of the emerging science of comparative linguistics; after the abolition of serfdom in the Russian Empire in 1861, social mobility increased, and Lithuanian intellectuals arose from the ranks of the rural populace; and language became associated with identity in Lithuania, as elsewhere across Europe.〔(The Lithuanian language and nation through the ages: Outline of a history of Lithuanian in its social context ) William R. Schmalstieg, Lituanus, 1989. Retrieved on 2009-03-17〕 Within the Catholic Church, the barriers that had earlier prevented commoners from entering the priesthood were eased. A closer relationship developed between the educated clergy, who were increasingly of ethnic Lithuanian stock, and their parishioners, including a sympathy with their wish to use the Lithuanian language.〔(Christianity in Lithuania ). Stanley Vardys, Lituanus, Fall 1988. Retrieved on 2009-03-17〕 The emerging national movement sought to distance itself from both Polish and Russian influences, and the use of the Lithuanian language was seen as an important aspect of this movement.〔(Nationalism in Post-Soviet Lithuania ). Terry D. Clark, University of Michigan Press. June 12, 2006. Accessed October 29, 2007. Retrieved on 2009-03-17〕 According to the bibliographer Vaclovas Biržiška, between 1800 and 1864, when the press ban was enacted, 926 book titles were published in the Lithuanian language using its Latin alphabet.〔(''Book, in the Lithuanian Language'' ). The Lithuanian Word, reprinted from Encyclopedia Lituanica, 1970 - 1978. Retrieved on 2009-03-17〕 The orthography of the language was not standardized; this problem was used by the Russian authorities as a rationale for the change to Cyrillic.〔(Official Cyrillic Alphabet for Lithuanian (1864–1904) and its Relation to the Clandestine Standardization of Lithuanian in Latin Script ). University of Illinois at Chicago, Giedrus Subačius, 2005. Retrieved on 2009-03-17〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Lithuanian press ban」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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